Previous studies have shown, non-glandular trichomes found on Solanum carolinense in the diet of the Manduca sexta decrease size, increase metabolism, and decrease survival.  This study uses  fluorescent powder to find the mechanism as to why trichomes impact growth: by blocking or by piercing the peritrophic membrane. Trichomes may block nutrient uptake through the peritrophic membrane.  Alternatively, trichomes may pierce the membrane therefore increasing energy expenditure, tissue repair and immune function.