2018 Undergraduate Exhibition

Title Presenter Abstract Faculty Sponsor Number
Diversity of Zooplankton in the Atlantic and Caribbean Affected by Depth, Chlorophyll A, and Salinity Alexandre Jose Bourcier and Kelly Watson

Zooplankton are the base of many marine and freshwater food webs and play a critical role in the carbon cycle. Biological oceanographic data were collected during a SEA cruise from the North Atlantic and Northeastern Caribbean Sea around Puerto Rico. Zooplankton were collected by neuston and meter net tows at eleven varying locations and manually categorized to determine diversity. Diversity decreased with depth, and patterns of diel migrations in both zooplankton and phytoplankton were observed.

 Monica Medina 108
Do faces affect foreign-accented speech comprehension in children? An ERP investigation Abigail Louise Cosgrove Using EEG methodology, children (aged 9-11) with little exposure to foreign-accented speech listened to sentences containing a semantic anomaly or pronoun error (and correct counterparts), produced by Chinese-accented and non-accented speakers of English. We examined whether presenting faces as a cue to foreign speaker identity could aid foreign-accented speech comprehension. Preliminary analyses of the child data suggests that adults but not children use faces as a cue to speaker identity to aid foreign-accented speech comprehension. Janet Van Hell 128
Does Methionine Affect Mosquitoes Survival and Fecundity? Joash Makalani Lake The aim of this project was to determine if supplementing human blood with methionine would affect life history traits of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We fed mosquitoes either human blood, or human blood supplemented with low or high methionine. We tracked the survival, number of eggs laid and the proportion of larvae that hatched following the blood-feeding treatments. The data demonstrated that supplementing with methionine had little effects on survival or fecundity of mosquitoes. Andrew Read 281
Dust suspension and dispersion by a moving ground vehicle Alison B Wanamaker Ground combat vehicles are known for emitting large amounts of dust and sand when driving on an unpaved road. The aerodynamics of these vehicles have been studied to reduce the amount of energy lost from the airflow, but the energy lost due to dust and sand dispersion has not yet been minimized. By using the turbulent multiphase flow method and 3D particle tracking, it's hoped that the energy lost form dust dispersion can be understood. Rui Ni 252
Dynamics of spherical bubbles rising in an inactive fluid Kenechukwu Michael Ezenduka

Bubbles rising in water enlists an everyday example of the nonlinear path that corresponds with the motion of a body engulfed in a fluid. These such paths and its associated velocities is extremely important to science and engineering. This research project, equipped with modern advanced computational methods as well as state of the art facilities aims to model the peculiar behavior of the non-linear motion of bubbles in fluid.

 Dr. Rui Ni 293
e Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) utilizing a low cost, closed loop current control system. Michael Joseph Szczesniak

Wire arc additive manufacturing is a process that deposits material using a heat source (TIG welder) and wire as the build material. My research is on developing a system to control he current of the welder automatically by measuring the temperature of the weld pool to improve weld quality/material deposition.

 Guha Manogharan 235
Earth-Pluto Interplanetary Trajectory Design and Orbital Analysis on the Pluto-Charon System Sung Jun Kim and Arthur Melo Cruz

This project introduces the method of designing an interplanetary mission to Pluto and exhibits the near-future mission design. It determines the possible launch dates and the corresponding arrival dates to reach Pluto with the gravity assist at Jupiter. Also, it analyzes the orbit at Pluto-Charon system where Charon, one of the moons around Pluto, perturbs the spacecraft's trajectory by its gravitational potential.

 Puneet Singla 279
Eastern European Family Policy's Effect on Fertility and Women's Economic Status Isabella Frances Teti In this study I analyze the effects of pronatalist family policy on fertility and women's economic status. I do this by analyzing five types of family policy and their impacts in Eastern European countries. My results confirm previous research which associates increased financial support for parents with increased fertility rates. It also suggests a more equitable division of family benefits, instead of unilateral support for mothers, would be the most beneficial for women economically. Lee Ann Banaszak 425
Effect of Chronic Stress on SST+ GABAergic Interneurons Shreya Bhatt Stress increases the risk of Major Depressive Disorder. We used a mouse model in which SST+ cells were rendered hyperactive (SSTCre:g2f/f mice), causing the mice to display an antidepressant phenotype, to study how activity of SST+ cells affects chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors. We quantified SST+ cells, which in control mice have been shown to be reduced by stress. We predict that SSTCre:g2f/f mice are resilient to chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors and loss of SST+ cells. Bernhard Luscher 424
Effects of Global Warming on Our Waters: A Look at pH and Phosphate Levels to Understand Challenges for Future Marine Ecosystems Laura C Velazquez Bello and Kasey Jones

Understanding current oceanographic conditions is important for making informative decisions about ocean policy. Research was done to measure pH levels and phosphate concentrations in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. When compared to previous data, our results show pH levels become more acidic as depth increases while phosphate concentrations increase as depth increases.These trends, in comparison to previous data, may have an impact in understanding biological changes in ocean waters.

 Dr. Monica Medina 112
Effects of Living Location on Rates of Active Transport Michael Brosch This study examined differences in college student active transportation based on living location. Physical activity, lifestyle, and demographic data was collected via electronic survey distributed to a volunteer sample of students. Data was analyzed using SPSS using comparative means. On-campus residents demonstrated a significantly higher rate of active transport than off-campus residents. A denser, more vertical living environment in the immediate State College Downtown Area could provide a greater opportunity for active transport. Melissa Bopp 262
Effects of Maternal Permissiveness and Student Drinking on Mother-student Communication Dildeep Ghallon and Briannah Tsang

This study explores the effects of maternal permissiveness (MP) and student drinking (SD) on mother-student communication regarding alcohol use, peer influence, and physical effects of drinking. Students from three public universities participated in a longitudinal study (N=1429). Findings indicate that MP does not predict communication, while SD moderates the effect of MP on communication (peer and physical). Results suggest the amount permissive mothers communicate about these topics varies based on student drinking.

 Rob Turrisi 400
Effects of reduced iron availability for larval host plants on the flight metabolic rate of adult butterflies Matthew Bentz Soil composition affects insects feeding on plants. Here we examine soil iron availability in relation to flight of a butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, which contains polymorphisms in a HIF pathway gene that regulates oxygen delivery to tissues. Iron is a co-factor of the HIF pathway enzyme (PHD) regulated by succinate. We found a strong effect of iron availability on adult flight performance. These results show a novel way that environmental heterogeneity affects life history traits. Jim Marden 460
Effects of Training Spatial Perspective-Taking on Use of Body Movement in a Mapping Task Jennifer Lynn Norris The current study sought to determine whether a perspective-taking intervention led to an increased use of body movement in 8- to 9- year olds while solving a mapping task. In addition, we explored whether an increase in body movement was related to better performance on the task. The study indicated that children who used body movement to solve the mapping task performed significantly better on the task. Lynn Liben 101
Effects of White Button Mushroom Feeding on Intestinal Gluconeogenesis and Glucose Homeostasis Pratiti Roy White button (WB) mushrooms have been reported to have health benefits, through poorly described mechanisms. Our data showed that WB feeding (1%) resulted in higher levels of cecal succinate and the succinate-producing bacteria Prevotella. Microbial succinate production induced expression of genes (G6Pase, Glut2, FFAR3, and SGLT3) important for intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) via the gut-brain neural circuit. Germ-free mice had no such WB mediated effect. Margherita Cantorna 444
Efficiency of Bard G2 Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) filter through tests with rigid spheres Nicole Sylvia Price Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters serve as a preventative tool to capture blood clots before they reach vital organs. This study involved testing the trapping efficiency of a Bard G2 IVC filter using rigid spheres under standard resting physiological conditions. Tracking of the spheres was done to create trajectory plots of the sphere to characterize the movement of the sphere through the IVC. These data will be used for comparison to similar computational models. Keefe Manning 445
Elucidation of the Mechanism of Fom3, a Cobalamin Dependent Radical SAM Enzyme Roy Wang Recent studies have revealed that Fom3, a cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme, catalyzes the methylation of carbon 2 of cytidylyl-2-hydroxyethylphosphonate during the biosynthesis of fosfomycin, a broad spectrum antibacterial agent; however, the mechanism by which Fom3 catalyzes this reaction remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrate the first successful isolation of Fom3 with both its iron-sulfur and cobalamin cofactors bound. Furthermore, our studies provide key mechanistic insight for a number of steps in the Fom3 reaction. Squire Booker 213
Empathetic Leadership Taylor Jane Buchness

Empathy is an important leadership skill that is often overlooked. In this study, I will be using a version of the Empathy Selection Task developed by Cameron and colleagues (under review) to explore the relationship between being assigned a leadership role and avoiding or choosing empathy to solve workplace problems. I will also explore how effortful choosing empathy is, as well as social desirability norms associated with choosing empathy in the workplace.

 Dr. Daryl Cameron 240
Environmental stress on chromatin/protein binding in yeast Olivia Muly Every cell regularly reads its genetic code to produce mRNA in a process called transcription, with the aim of ultimately producing thousands of proteins. Eukaryotic organisms use a system of activator and repressor proteins to modulate transcription. The goal of this research is to understand how genes are regulated by exposure to environmental stress and subsequent characterization of protein/DNA interactions genome-wide through ChIP-exo technology. Frank Pugh 207
Evaluation of Ultrafine Particle Emissions from Household Sources Matthew Griffin Particulate matter (PM) makes up a large portion of air pollution and causes many adverse health effects due to its ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Indoor air pollution is especially dangerous as the confined space and prolonged exposure leads to an increased concentration of PM. This project involved studying and characterizing the emissions of PM from various household devices. Miriam Freedman 481
Event Reconstruction in IceCube Kevin Crust Data collected by the IceCube Neutrio Observatory's 5,160 optical sensors can be used to infer information about neutrinos only after the completion of a process called reconstruction. My group is working to make this faster and more streamlined, thereby improving physics analyses of the IceCube collaboration. I implemented more realistic and detailed models of the processes which result from neutrino interactions which can be used to more accurately generate the hypotheses used in reconstruction. Doug Cowen 287
Evolutionary Computation Applied to a Spacecraft Orbital Maneuver John Drury Evolutionary computation (EC) is an alternate form of technical problem-solving that uses biologically-inspired algorithms to predict optimized solutions. In aerospace engineering, minimizing the amount of fuel needed to reach a certain orbit is very important so the weight of a rocket can be reduced. By comparing the solution produced using the EC algorithms to the known solution of an orbit transfer problem, the algorithms can be refined for accuracy and applied to other spacecraft maneuvers. Brad Sottile 221
Examination of Protein-Protein Interaction of the GRASP and its Impact on Cell Motility Gregory Peter Reilly The HGF pathway is a cellular pathway that helps cell become motile. It has been found to be over-expressed in many types of cancer. GRASP is a scaffold protein within this pathway that helps mediate many different protein-protein interactions. While many proteins are known to interact with GRASP, it possible that other unknown proteins interact with GRASP to induce cell motility. The goal of my project was to examine this possibility and identify these proteins. Lorraine Santy 244
Examine the Factors that Lead to Graduate School Jiajin Xiao

Graduate school is crucial for students. In this study, we use Crisp-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to examine 50 personal statements from the winners of National Science Foundation to find factors that lead them to graduate school. Student's family background, undergraduate experience and etc. are some of the factors. This study gives us a better perspective and understanding of the reasons for students to go to graduate school.

 Dr. Cathrine Berdanier 177
Examining Mechanisms Regulating Microtubule Polarity in Class I Drosophila Neurons Emily Claire Yanoshak and Mikala Shaffer

Microtubules are important to cell structure and for helping differentiate between dendrites and axons in neurons. The polarity of microtubules is oriented with the axon being plus end out and the dendrite being minus end out. We know several mechanisms that contribute to microtubule polarity in Class 1 drosophila neurons, however we are concerned with examining checkpoint systems at the cell body exit points and mechanisms controlling microtubule polarity after they are nucleated.

 Melissa Rolls 168
Experimental Platform Simulating the Mechanical Effects of Diaphragmatic Motion on Inferior Vena Cava Collapse Philip Edward Crompton Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter performance and failure is greatly influenced by IVC hemodynamics, but few studies to date have taken into account the compressive effects of diaphragmatic motion on IVC collapse in the filter region. This work seeks to develop an experimental platform that can reproduce the in vivo deformation of the IVC caused by dynamic diaphragmatic compression under multiple physiological conditions. This model will be validated using a computational model of the IVC. Keefe Manning 403
Exploring Resistant Mutants to KKL-896 Isabel L Hunsberger Through mutation, bacteria have become resistant to current antibiotics; thus, there is a continuous demand for new antibiotics. The compound KKL-896 inhibits the bacterial pathway of trans-translation. To search for the molecular target of KKL-896, experiments (such as: MIC assays, growth curve assays, and P1 transductions) were conducted with E. coli DtolC resistant mutants. With knowledge of KKL-896's target, drug development may advance, and ultimately lead to a new way to combat tuberculosis. Kenneth Keiler 122
Exploring the Economic Utilization of Invasive Species to Improve the Select Health of Ecosystems in Cuba Ethan J Liu and Logan Staley

In our recent embedded study abroad program in Western Cuba, we were given the opportunity to learn about sustainability and environmental conservation policy. Our immersion with the Cuban people, flora, and fauna facilitated a deeper intrinsic understanding of fragile ecosystems and their unnatural invasive disruptions. In this case study analysis, we evaluate the economic utilization of two invasive species, the lion fish and marabou shrub, in order to reduce their detrimental impact on endemic species.

 Dr. Jacqueline McLaughlin 172
Exploring the Passage of Immigration Legislation in the Modern Political Era Rachel Sonia Fleischer

This research quantitatively analyzes the impact certain variables had on the passage of immigration legislation from 1973-2014. Testing variables such as saliency, government type, etc., I found immigration bills are enacted into law more during times of a divided government. Additionally, I predicted the probability of these bills progression through the legislative process given certain conditions. My research helps explain why past legislation has failed and what an "ideal" environment is to pass immigration legislation.

 Michael Nelson 502
Fabrication and Design Iteration of Origami-Inspired Magnetoactive Elastomer Composites Logan Althoff This work focused on using a mixture of barium-ferrite particles in elastomer, forming magnetoactive elastomer patches. Patches fold an elastomer base using magnetic torque actuation to create active origami structures. Origami and kirigami boxes were tested with variable geometries and patch compositions. Findings conclude that base thicknesses above 0.5 mm have a strongly negative influence on fold angles. Consequently, notched fold lines to reduce local thickness allow for near-ideal actuation of complex geometries. Paris von Lockette 466
Field Oceanography Techniques: Ocean Currents and Plastic Adrift Paul M Feightner and Mykaihla Sternick

Harmful plastics have been circulating in our oceans for decades. The Sea Education Association has been performing surface water collections in the Atlantic and Caribbean oceans for over 45 years, amassing samples and extensive data. Using ocean current analysis technology, we have determined the routes these plastics take via the massive North Atlantic Gyre. This research will pave the way for better understanding how plastics travel throughout oceans, allowing for preventative and mitigation processes.

 Monica Medina 107
Fighting against Dictatorship: Taiwanese International Students in the U.S. (1980-1992) Mi Ni Tzou

The project received 2017 Erickson Discovery Grant. It is an oral history of the Taiwanese student leaders who organized Homeward movement (Fan-xiang movement) in order to fight against the dictatorship in the 1980s. This non-violent movement gave an end to the dictatorship which is a historical milestone for liberty in Taiwan. In this exhibition, I will present the historical context, the leaders personal experiences and its significance for Taiwanese society.

 Kathlene Baldanza 05
Fire blight: amylovoran production and Erwinia amylovora virulence Susie Liu Fire blight is a contagious disease affecting apples and pears caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. For bacteria to cause disease, they must produce amylovoran, a protective exopolysaccharide secreted by the bacteria to its environment. We are isolating mutant strains of E. amylovora that have altered amylovoran levels to discover novel genes that may be involved in amylovoran production. Preliminary results show a correlation between bacterial amylovoran production and disease in immature apples. Timothy McNellis 429
Flood Management: Identifying Flood Vulnerable Communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh Shah Meem Rafayat Chowdhury The project will identify flood vulnerable communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh by using data from various research sources as well as identify major water reservoir locations in the city. The information will be utilized to design flood management system which will divert flood away from vulnerable communities towards water reservoirs in order to be used for public water supplies for city dwellers. Mainzer Stephen 487
Food For Thought: Differences of Geographic Food Habits Between Alaska and the Lower 48 Courtney C Rome The process of food acquisition is assumed to vary depending on location. Five dimensions of this process, Seasonality, Subsistence, Time, Community Collaboration, and Level of Enjoyment are defined and examined by comparing survey responses from residents of Juneau, Alaska and State College, Pennsylvania. These five dimensions are seen as fundamental to the acquisition process and can give insight to future issues of food insecurity in regions of the world. Denice Wardrop 109
From deforestation to emerging infectious diseases: Tropical Medicine in Costa Rica. Sravya Valiveti How does deforestation lead to rapid disease transmission within species? Relationship between deforestation & spread of pathogenic infectious diseases endemic in Costa Rica region will be investigated. Trends in deforestation, climate change & diseases in past few decades and epidemiological data will be presented. Impacts of tropical diseases on socioeconomic status, healthcare costs & community health outcomes will be discussed. A correlation between conservation of forests & health benefits (host resistance, pathogenicity) will be established. Celeste Newcomb 100
Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A New Approach to Pollution Control Nicholas Francis Pietra

By incorporating the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs into polymeric materials, we plan to create new methods for gas storage and catalytic applications. The poster discusses the synthesis and characterization of the polymeric Lewis base to be used in the frustrated Lewis pair, Poly(4-diphenylphosphino styrene). The polymer was synthesized by anionic polymerization and characterized using SEC, proton NMR, and 31P NMR, which will be essential in determining adduct formation between the acid and base.

 Dr. Robert Hickey 143
Functional characterization of an ApiAP2 transcription factor in Plasmodium falciparum Michelle Suhendra My research project focuses on functionally characterizing an ApiAP2 transcription factor, known as PF13_0114 in Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria-causing parasite. Manuel Llinas 436
Functional RNA Structures are Retained in Complex Coacervates Rebecca Mary Guth Coacervates are spontaneously-formed polymer-rich liquid droplets. They tend to concentrate biomolecules including RNA and so present an attractive system for the origins of protocells and membraneless organelles. We found that RNA aptamers retain function in coacervates, indicating that the native fold of the aptamer is maintained. At increasing temperatures specific coacervates can destabilize RNA aptamers. We are utilizing chemical probes to detect RNA structural changes due to coacervates. Philip Bevilacqua 472
Gamma Delta T cells respond to H-Ras driven tumors through effector molecules IFN-Gamma and IL-17 Jacob Thomas Bailey Gamma delta T cells are a subset of T cells that lack conventional major mistocompatibility (MHC) requirements that for the response to self-like antigens such as tumor metabolites and stress-related proteins. These innate-like cells largely reside in epithelial tissues such as the epidermis, suggesting that they may be relevant in the formation of squamous cell tumors. We show here that gamma delta T cells respond to these tumors through effector molecules IL-17 and Interferon-gamma. Adam Glick 300
Gradient analysis of Upper Ordovician fossil assemblages in the Taconic Foreland Basin: comparison of Central Pennsylvania and Virginia Anna Whitaker

450 million years ago, Pennsylvania was covered by a shallow sea. Previous studies on the marine ecosystems of this basin found their distribution relates to gradients in water depth and carbonate content (Bretsky 1970, Springer & Bambach 1985). New fossil localities in central Pennsylvania confirms these conclusions, and finds significant differences in the shoreface environment of the depth gradient along a north/south axis due to lithologic content.

 Mark Patzkowsky 111
Habitable Planets: Do not disturb, life may be in progress Michael S Penwarden

Planets within a solar system's "habitable zone" have the right temperatures to support ingredients for life. We assessed if habitable zone planets would continue to be habitable in the presence of other planets. We simulated planets in different solar systems for millions of years; after very long periods of time other planets cause disturbances which may adversely affect their ability to support life. Global temperatures are very sensitive to the orbit of the planet.

 Rebekah Dawson 19
Handwritten Digit Multi-class Classification using SVM and LDA Zhenyuan Yuan This project presents investigation and results of multi-class classification using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Furthermore, by using different derivatives of LDA and SVM and different classification approaches, we obtain confusion matrices that describe the performances of each technique. Finally, a table summarizing the classification accuracy of each technique shows that SVM with Gaussian kernel, after PCA projection, using OVA classification method, achieves the highest classification accuracy. Bharath Sriperumbudur 432
Heavy Metal Concentrations: Spatial Variability and Environmental Risks in the Peruvian Andes Evan S Plumridge Climate change and glacial recession have introduced a new pathway for metals to enter the high altitude wetlands of Ausangate, Peru. When newly exposed rock comes in contact with precipitation and meltwater, metals such as Aluminum, Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc can be mobilized and transported down the watershed and into surrounding wetlands and streams. This represents a potential new source of metals that may impact human health and ecosystem services. Mike Nassry 187
History of stress affects cell-mediated immunity Kristen Maria Sprayberry Eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) are physiologically stressed by predatory venomous invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). We examined how history of invasion (and associated stress) and acute stress treatment affected the cell-mediated immune response of lizards. Lizards from invaded sites had reduced immune response compared to those from uninvaded sites. Acute stress treatment affected lizards from invaded but not uninvaded sites, suggesting that evolutionary history of stress alters the immune response to short-term stress. Tracy Langkilde 450
How Chemistry Effects the Rheology of Powder Feedstock for Directed Energy Deposition Cory David Jamieson Analyzing chemistry of powders and comparing the traditional and dynamic flow properties will help predict a powders performance in environments encountered when applied to additive manufacturing processes and will also help to establish the fundamental understanding of process-structure-property relationships. By understanding what makes an ideal powder will allow for the production of future materials with similar properties that provide the highest quality product produced from AM methods. stephen feldbaure 194
HSP70-2/BiP Promoter Drives Constitutive Expression of GFP in Blood Stage Plasmodium yoelii Logan Finger Genetically attenuated malaria parasites with essential gene deletions are potent malaria vaccine candidates. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing is now a preferred method to create these parasites by deleting genes that are critical to parasite development. In order to improve the CRISPR/Cas9 system for use in malaria parasites, we have used a GFP-reporter system to define and modulate the Plasmodium yoelii HSP70-2/BiP promoter, to in turn be able to optimize Cas9 transcription and protein expression in vivo. Scott Linder 248
Hydrogen Sulfide Detection in Incubators Christina Maria Debarberie The average successful hatch rate of eggs in an in-home incubator is 70%. The eggs that fail to hatch pose a threat to the whole clutch due to hydrogen sulfide build up. Vigilant inspection for failed eggs is a time-consuming task that must be done throughout the incubation period. Using an embedded control system with a gas sensor to monitor the air inside the incubator and alert the user will solve that problem. Sally Richmond 426
Identification of Activated Platelets in Bovine Blood Using P-Selectin Targeted Antibodies and Flow Cytometry Catherine Eileen Blankemeyer The implantation of cardiovascular technologies often leads to an increase in platelet activation as a result of non-biological geometries and high shear stresses, which can lead to thrombosis and clotting. Platelet activation levels can be quantified using flow cytometry by staining activated platelets with fluorophore-conjugated P-Selectin protein specific antibodies. This characterization of platelet activation is crucial in experimentally verifying predictions of platelet agitation that are made using computational fluid dynamics models of cardiovascular devices. Keefe Manning 422
Identification of Heterakis species in game birds in Pennsylvania Denver Isaac Greenawalt

Histomoniasis, is a significant disease of gallinaceous birds. Transmission is dependent on the nematode Heterakis gallinarum. Due to the role that H. gallinarum plays in the maintenance of H. meleagridis, it is important to define the host-range distribution. From 2015-2017, ceca were collected from game birds in Pennsylvania. Cecal contents were examined and all Heterakis spp. were identified by morphology. All nematodes were identified as H. gallinarum, except the ruffed grouse, which harbored H. isolonche.

 Dr. Justin Brown 31